Gabinetes ministeriales y reformas estructurales en América Latina, 1985-2000
Palabras clave:
reforma estructural, América Latina, fragmentación del gabinete, Ejecutivo de coalición, posición ideológica del presidenteResumen
Poca investigación ha sido dedicada al análisis de cómo diferentes características de los poderes ejecutivos afectan las reformas estructurales. Este artículo intenta llenar esta laguna analizando el impacto de la fragmentación partisana del gabinete y la posición ideológica del presidente en el alcance de las reformas estructurales en nueve democracias presidenciales de América Latina en el período post-autoritario. Para esto se consideran los gabinetes como un conjunto de actores que rinden cuentas tanto al presidente como a sus partidos, con ministros independientes que sólo son responsables ante el presidente. Esta investigación demuestra que cuanto mayor es el porcentaje de ministros independientes, menor es el costo asociado a la negociación de reformas al interior del ejecutivo. Cuando los presidentes arman gobiernos de coalición, limitan su capacidad de actuar unilateralmente. Sin embargo, están más capacitados para avanzar en sus propuestas de reforma estructural que en gobiernos de partido único. Los datos sobre la composición de los gabinetes fueron recolectados por los autores, mientras que los datos sobre la variable dependiente, reformas estructurales, provienen de Lora (2001).
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Referencias
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Frye, Timothy. 1997. "A Politics of Institutional Choice: Post-Communist Presidencies". Comparative Political Studies 30 (5): 523-552.
Funk, Robert. 2009. "Chile: Segundo Tiempo". Revista de Ciencia Política 29 (2): 301-326.
Gamson, William A. 1961. "A Theory of Coalition Formation". American Sociological Review 26 (June): 373-382.
Garman, Christopher, Stephan Haggard, y Eliza Willis. 2001. "Fiscal Decentralization: A Political Theory with Latin American Cases". World Politics 53 (2): 205-236.
Gould, Andrew y Peter J. Baker. 2002. "Democracy and Taxation". Annual Review of Political Science 5: 87-110.
Haggard, Stephan y Robert Kaufman. 2004. "Revising Social Contracts: Social Spending in Latin America, East Asia and the Former Socialist Countries, 1980-2000". Revista de Ciencia Política XXIV (1): 3-37.
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Laakso, Markku y Rein Taagepera. 1979. "Effective Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe". Comparative Political Studies 12 (1): 3-27.
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Laver, Michael y Kenneth Shepsle. 1990. "Government Coalition and Intraparty Politics". British Journal of Political Science 20 (4): 489-507.
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Meléndez, Carlos y Carlos León. 2009. "Perú 2008: El juego de ajedrez de la gobernabilidad en partidas similares". Revista de Ciencia Política 29 (2): 591-610.
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Altman, David. 2001. "The Politics of Coalition Formation and Survival in Multiparty Presidential Regimes". Ph.D. Dissertation Thesis, Government and International Studies, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame.
Altman, David. 2005. "Democracia Directa en el Continente Americano: ¿Auto-Legitimación Gubernamental o Censura Ciudadana?" Política y Gobierno XII (2): 203-232.
Altman, David y Aníbal Pérez-Liñán. 2002. "Assessing the Quality of Democracy: Freedom, Competitiveness, and Participation in 18 Latin American Countries". Democratization 9 (2): 85-100.
Ames, Barry. 1987. Political Survival: Politicians and Public Policy in Latin America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Amorim Neto, Octavio. 1998a. "Cabinet Formation in Presidential Regimes: An Analysis of 10 Latin American Countries". Presentado en Latin American Studies Association, September 24-26, Chicago.
Amorim Neto, Octavio. 1998b. "Of Presidents, Parties, and Ministers: Cabinet Formation and Legislative Decision-Making Under Separation of Powers." PhD Dissertation Thesis, Department of Political Science, University of California, San Diego.
Amorim Neto, Octavio. 2006. "The Presidential Calculus: Executive Policy-Making and Cabinet Formation in the Americas". Comparative Political Studies 39 (4): 415-440.
Amorim Neto, Octavio y Hugo Borsani. 2004. "Presidents and Cabinets: The Political Determinants of Fiscal Behavior in Latin America". Studies in Comparative International Development 39 (1): 3-27.
Anastasia, Fatima y Carlos Ranulfo Melo. 2009. "Brasil: Dos Décadas de Democracia". Revista de Ciencia Política 29 (2): 275-300.
Basabe-Serrano, Santiago. 2009. "Ecuador: Reforma constitucionales, nuevos actores políticos y viejas prácticas partidistas". Revista de Ciencia Política 29 (2): 381-406.
Beck, Nathaniel. 2001. "Time-Series-Cross-Section Data: What Have We Learned in the Past Few Years?" Annual Review of Political Science 4: 271-293.
Beck, Nathaniel, Jonathan Katz, y Richard Tucker. 1998. "Taking Time Seriously: Time-Series-Cross-Section Analysis with a Binary Dependent Variable". American Journal of Political Science 42 (4): 1260-1288.
Biglaiser, Glen y David S. Brown. 2005. "The Determinants of Economic Liberalization in Latin America". Political Research Quarterly 58 (4): 671-680.
Boix, Carles. 1997. "Privatizing the Public Business Sector in the Eighties: Economic Performance, Partisan Responses, and Divided Governments". British Journal of Political Science 27 (4): 473-496.
Bresser Pereira, Luiz Carlos. 1993. "Economic Reforms and Economic Growth: Efficiency and Politics in Latin America". En Economic Reforms in New Democracies: a Social Democratic Approach, editado por Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, José María Maravall, y A. Przeworski. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Pp.
Buquet, Daniel. 2009. "Uruguay 2008: De las reformas a la competencia electoral". Revista de Ciencia Política 29 (2).
Cardoso, Eliana y Ahmed Galal. 2003. "External Environment, Globalization and Reform". Presentado en Global Development Network-Understanding Reform, January 16-17, Cairo.
Castiglioni, Rossana. 2005a. The Politics of Social Policy Change in Chile and Uruguay: Retrenchment versus Maintenance 1973-1998. New York & London: Routledge.
Castiglioni, Rossana. 2005b. "Reforma de pensiones en América Latina: orígenes y estrategias, 1980-2002". Revista de Ciencia Política 25 (2): 173-189.
Coppedge, Michael. 2002. "Democracy and Dimensions: Comments on Munck and Verkuilen". Comparative Political Studies 35 (1): 35-39.
Coppedge, Michael y Andrés Mejía. 2001. "Political Determinants of Fiscal Discipline in Latin America, 1979-1998". Presentado en Latin American Studies Association, September 5-8, Marriot Wardam Park Hotel, Washington D.C.
Cox, Gary y Scott Morgenstern. 2002. "Epilogue: Latin America's Reactive Assemblies and Proactive Presidents". En Legislative Politics in Latin America, editado por S. Morgenstern y B. Nacif. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Pp. 446-468.
Cox, Gary W. y Scott Morgenstern. 2001. "Latin America's Reactive Assemblies and Proactive Presidents". Comparative Politics 33 (2): 171-189.
Doorenspleet, Renske. 2004. "The Structural Context of Recent Transitions to Democracy". European Journal of Political Research 43 (3): 309-335.
Fernández Jilberto, Alex y Andre Mommen. 1996. "Setting the Neoliberal Development Agenda: Structural Adjustment and Export-Led Industrialization". En Liberalization in the Developing World, editado por A. Fernández-Jilberto y A. Mommen. London: Routledge, Pp.
Foxley, Alejandro. 1983. Latin American Experiments in Neoconservative Economics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Freedom House, FH. 2002. "Freedom in the World Country Ratings: 1972-73 to 2001-2002". Retrieved from http://freedomhouse.org/research/freeworld/FHSCORES.xls.
Frieden, Jeff. 1988. "Classes, Sectors, and Foreign Debt in Latin America". Comparative Politics 21 (1): 1-20.
Frye, Timothy. 1997. "A Politics of Institutional Choice: Post-Communist Presidencies". Comparative Political Studies 30 (5): 523-552.
Funk, Robert. 2009. "Chile: Segundo Tiempo". Revista de Ciencia Política 29 (2): 301-326.
Gamson, William A. 1961. "A Theory of Coalition Formation". American Sociological Review 26 (June): 373-382.
Garman, Christopher, Stephan Haggard, y Eliza Willis. 2001. "Fiscal Decentralization: A Political Theory with Latin American Cases". World Politics 53 (2): 205-236.
Gould, Andrew y Peter J. Baker. 2002. "Democracy and Taxation". Annual Review of Political Science 5: 87-110.
Haggard, Stephan y Robert Kaufman. 2004. "Revising Social Contracts: Social Spending in Latin America, East Asia and the Former Socialist Countries, 1980-2000". Revista de Ciencia Política XXIV (1): 3-37.
Haggard, Stephan y Webb Steven. 1994. "What Do We Know About the Political Economy of Economic Policy Reform?" The World Bank Research Observer 8 (2): 143-168.
Hellman, Joel. 1996. "Constitutions and Economic Reform in the Postcommunist Transitions." East European Constitutional Review 5 (1): 46-53.
Jones, Mark P. 1995. Electoral Laws and the Survival of Presidential Democracies. Notre Dame and London: University of Notre Dame Press.
Kwon, Hyeok Yong. 2004. "Economic Reform and Democratization: Evidence from Latin America and Post-Socialist Countries". British Journal of Political Science 34 (2): 357-375.
Laakso, Markku y Rein Taagepera. 1979. "Effective Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe". Comparative Political Studies 12 (1): 3-27.
Laver, Michael y Norman Schofield. 1990. Multiparty Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Laver, Michael y Kenneth Shepsle. 1990. "Government Coalition and Intraparty Politics". British Journal of Political Science 20 (4): 489-507.
Leiras, Marcelo y Inés Cruzalegui. 2009. "Argentina: Problemas macroeconómicos, conflicto social y debilitamiento de la coalición de gobierno". Revista de Ciencia Política 29 (2): 223-246.
López Pintor, Rafael y Maria Gratschew. 2002. Voter Turnout from 1945: A Global Report. editado. Stockolm: IDEA: Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
Lora, Eduardo. 2001. "Structural Reforms in Latin America: What Has Been Reformed and How to Measure it". Inter-American Development Bank Research Department, Working Paper #466.
Lora, Eduardo y Ugo Panizza. 2003. "The Future of Structural Reform". Journal of Democracy 14 (2): 123-137.
Maingon, Thais y Friedrich Welsch. 2009. "Venezuela 2008: Hoja de ruta hacia el socialismo autoritario". Revista de Ciencia Política 29 (2): 633-656.
Mainwaring, Scott, Daniel Brinks, y Aníbal Pérez-Liñán. 2001. "Classifying Political Regimes in Latin America 1945-1999". Studies in Comparative International Development 36 (1): 37-65.
Mainwaring, Scott y Matthew Shugart. 1997a. Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America. editado. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mainwaring, Scott y Matthew S. Shugart. 1997b. "Conclusion: Presidentialism and the Party System". En Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America, editado por S. Mainwaring y M. S. Shugart. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Pp. 394-439.
Marshall, Monty G. y Keith Jaggers. 2001. "Polity IV project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-1999". Retrieved from: http://www.bsos.umd.edu/cidcm/polity/.
McGregor. 1994. "The Presidency in East Central Europe". RFE/RL 3 (2): 23-31.
Meléndez, Carlos y Carlos León. 2009. "Perú 2008: El juego de ajedrez de la gobernabilidad en partidas similares". Revista de Ciencia Política 29 (2): 591-610.
Mershon, Carol. 1996. "The Cost of Coalition: Coalition Theories and Italian Governments". American Political Science Review 90 (3): 534-554.
Mershon, Carol. 1999. "The Costs of Coalition: A Five-Nation Comparison". En Party Discipline and Parliamentary Government, Parliaments and Legislatures, editado por S. Bowler, D. M. Farrell, y R. Katz. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, Pp. 227-268.
Morgenstern, Scott. 1996. "The Electoral Connection and the Legislative Process in Latin America: Factions, Parties, and Alliances in Theory and Practice". University of California, San Diego.
Morgenstern, Scott. 1999. "The U.S. Model and Latin American Legislatures". En Reactive Assemblies and Proactive Presidents: A Typology of Latin American Presidents and Legislatures, editado por G. Cox y S. Morgenstern, Pp.
Mueller, Dennis C. y Thomas Stratmann. 2003. "The Economic Effects of Democratic Participation". Journal of Public Economics 87 (9): 2129-2155.
Munck, Gerardo y Jay Verkuilen. 2002. "Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices". Comparative Political Studies 35 (1): 5-34.
Murillo, Victoria. 2002. "Political Bias in Policy Convergence: Privatization Choices in Latin America". World Politics 54 (4): 462-493.
Naim, Moisés. 1993. "Latin America: Post-Adjustment Blues". Foreign Policy 92 (Fall): 133-150.
O'Donnell, Guillermo. 1994. "Delegative Democracy". Journal of Democracy 5 (1): 55-69.
Oates, Wallace E. 1993. Fiscal Federalism. Hampshire: Gregg Revivals.
Pachón, Mónica. 2009. "Colombia 2008: Éxitos, peligros y desaciertos de la política de seguridad democrática de la administración Uribe". Revista de Ciencia Política 29 (2): 327-354.
Paus, Eva A. 2004. "Productivity Growth in Latin America: The Limits of Neoliberal Reforms". World Development 32 (3): 427-445.
Pinto, Pablo M. y Jeffrey F. Timmons. 2005. "The Political Determinants of Economic Performance: Political Competition and the Sources of Growth". Comparative Political Studies 38 (1): 26-50.
Pion-Berlin, David. 1983. "Political Repression and Economic Doctrines". Comparative Political Studies 16 (1): 37-66.
Przeworski, Adam, Michael E. Alvarez, José Antonio Cheibub, y Fernando Limongi. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Riker, William. 1962. The Theory of Political Coalitions. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Rodrik, Dani. 1996. "Understanding Economic Policy Reform". Journal of Economic Literature 34 (March): 9-41.
Samuels, David. 2000. "Fiscal Horizontal Accountability? Toward a Theory of Budgetary 'Checks and Balances' in Presidential Systems". Presentado en Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies, May, 8-9, Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame.
Samuels, David y Matthew Shugart. 2003. "Presidentialism, Elections and Representation". Journal of Theoretical Politics & Society 15 (1): 33-60.
Schwartz, Herman M. 2001. "The Danish "Miracle": Luck, Pluck, or Stuck?" Comparative Political Studies 34 (2): 131-155.
Shugart, Mathew y John Carey. 1998. "Calling Out the Tanks or Filling Out the Forms?" En Executive Decree Authority, editado por M. Shugart y J. Carey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Pp. 1-29.
Shugart, Matthew y John Carey. 1992. Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shugart, Matthew Soberg. 1998. "The Inverse Relationship Between Party Strength and Executive Strength: A Theory of Politicians' Constitutional Choices". British Journal of Political Science 28 (1): 1-29.
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2018-10-25
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Gabinetes ministeriales y reformas estructurales en América Latina, 1985-2000. (2018). Revista Uruguaya De Ciencia Política, 18(1), 14-40. https://rucp.cienciassociales.edu.uy/index.php/rucp/article/view/199
