Evolution of welfare regimes (1980-2010):
Bismarckian and Beveridgean models according to their profile of financing and spending on social protection
Keywords:
welfare regime, social protection, public spending, private spendingAbstract
The article presents a classification of the OECD countries, describing their social protection spending structure according to three axes: public spending as a percentage of GDP, public and private spending as a percentage of the total, and predominance of financing by taxes or contributions on salary in the period 1980-2010. The results provide elements to the debate on the classification of countries in welfare regimes, identifying three distinct groups in the Beveridgean family (Social Democratic, Classical Liberal and Moderate Liberal) and four in the Bismarckian (Conservative, Conservative-Liberal, Productivist, and Eastern European). The model allows us to identify as a regime in itself combinations of characteristics of difficult classification in previous typologies as well to analyze the trajectories of change at the level of groups and countries.
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References
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TRAMPUSCH, C. (2010). The welfare state and trade unions in Switzerland: an historical reconstruction of the shift from a liberal to a post-liberal welfare regime. Journal of European Social Policy, 20(1), 58-73.
VAN KERSBERGEN, K., y VIS, B. (2015). Three worlds’ typology: Moving beyond normal science? Journal of European Social Policy, 25(1), 111-123.
AIDUKAITE, J. (2006). The formation of social insurance institutions of the Baltic states in the post-socialist era. Journal of European Social Policy, 16(3), 259-270.
ASPALTER, C. (2006). The East Asian welfare model. International Journal of Social Welfare, 15, 290-301.
BAMBRA, C. (2006). Decommodification and the worlds of welfare revisited. Journal of European Social Policy, 16(1), 73-80.
BECKER, U. (2000). El sistema de bienestar holandés en perspectiva. En R. Muñoz del Bustillo (Ed.), El estado de bienestar en el cambio de siglo (pp. 217-246). Madrid, España: Alianza.
BONOLI, G. (1997). Classifying welfare states: a two-dimension approach. Journal of Social Policy, 26(3), 351-372.
CASTLES, F., y MITCHELL, D. (1993). Worlds of welfare and families of nations. En F. Castles (Ed.), Families of nations: patterns of public policy in Western democracies (pp. 93-128). Aldershot, Reino Unido: Dartmouth Publishing.
DÖRING, H., y SCHWANDER, H. (2015). Revisiting the left cabinet share: how to measure the partisan profile of governments in welfare state research. Journal of European Social Policy, 25(2), 175-193.
ESPING-ANDERSEN, G. (1993) [1990]. Los tres mundos del estado del bienestar. Valencia, España: Alfons el Magnànim.
EUROSTAT (julio, 2019). Social protection receipts by type. Recuperado de <https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/social-protection/data/database>.
EVANS, J. (2011). The Icelandic welfare system: a state in transition. Perspectives on Business and Economics, 29, 73-82. Recuperado de <https://preserve.lehigh.edu/perspectives-v29/8>.
FENGER, M. (2007). Welfare regimes in Central and Eastern Europe: incorporating post-communist countries in a welfare regime typology. Contemporary Issues and Ideas in Social Sciences, 3(2), 1-30.
FERRAGINA, E., y SEELEIB-KAISER, M. (2011). Welfare regime debate: past, present, futures? Policy & Politics, 39(4), 583-611.
FERRERA, M. (1996). The «Southern» model of welfare in Social Europe. Journal of European Social Policy, 6(1), 17-37.
GAL, J. (2010). Is there an extended family of Mediterranean welfare states? Journal of European Social Policy, 20(4), 283-300.
JONSSON, G. (2000). The Icelandic welfare state in the Twentieth Century. Scandinavian Journal of History, 26(3), 249-267.
KORPI, W. (1983). The democratic class struggle: Swedish politics in a comparative perspective. Londres, Reino Unido: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
KORPI, W., y PALME, J. (1998). The paradox of redistribution and strategies of equality: welfare state institutions, inequality and poverty in the Western countries. American Sociological Review, 63(5), 661-687.
LEIBFRIED, S. (1992). Towards a European welfare state? On integrating poverty regimes into the European Community. En Z. Ferge y J. Kolberg (Eds.), Social policy in a changing Europe (pp. 245-279). Francfort, Alemania: Campus Verlag.
MARTÍNEZ, J. (2007). Regímenes de bienestar en América Latina. Madrid, España: Fundación Carolina-CEALCI.
OECD STATISTICS (agosto, 2019). Social expenditure-Aggregated data: public social expenditure in percentage of Gross Domestic Product; public and private social expenditure by country. Recuperado de <https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?datasetcode=SOCX_AGG>.
ÓLAFSSON, S. (1999). The Icelandic model. Social security and welfare in a comparative perspective. En B. Palier (Ed.), Comparing social welfare systems in Nordic Europe and France, vol. 4 (pp. xxx-xxx). Nantes, Francia: MIRE-DREES.
ÓLAFSSON, S. (2011). Icelandic capitalism. From statism to neoliberalism and financial collapse. En L. Mjøset (Ed.), The Nordic varieties of capitalism (pp. 1-15). Bingley, Reino Unido: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. doi: 10.1108/S0195-6310(2011)0000028005.
OUDE, D. (2016). Labour divisions and the emergence of dual welfare systems. Journal of European Social Policy, 26(1), 66-79.
SCRUGGS, L., y ALLAN, J. (2006a). Social stratification and welfare regimes for the 21st Century: Revisiting the «Three worlds of welfare capitalism». Documento presentado en la 15.ª International Conference of Europeanists. Chicago, EE. UU.
SCRUGGS, L., y ALLAN, J. (2006b). Welfare-state decommodification in 18 OECD countries: a replication and revision. Journal of European Social Policy, 16(1), 55-72.
SKJÆVELAND, A. (2003). Government formation in Denmark, 1953-1998. Aarhus, Dinamarca: Politica.
SOEDE, A., VROOMAN, C., FERRARESI, P., y SEGRE, G. (2004). Unequal welfare states. Distributive consequences of population ageing in six European countries. La Haya, Holanda: SCP-CERP.
STEBBING, A., y SPIES-BUTCHER, B. (2010). Universal welfare by other means? Social tax expenditures and the Australian dual welfare state. Journal of Social Policy, 39(4), 585-606.
TRAMPUSCH, C. (2010). The welfare state and trade unions in Switzerland: an historical reconstruction of the shift from a liberal to a post-liberal welfare regime. Journal of European Social Policy, 20(1), 58-73.
VAN KERSBERGEN, K., y VIS, B. (2015). Three worlds’ typology: Moving beyond normal science? Journal of European Social Policy, 25(1), 111-123.
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Published
2020-06-02
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Evolution of welfare regimes (1980-2010):: Bismarckian and Beveridgean models according to their profile of financing and spending on social protection. (2020). Revista Uruguaya De Ciencia Política, 28(2), 8-34. https://rucp.cienciassociales.edu.uy/index.php/rucp/article/view/449
