Half-hearted democracy?
the representation of women in elective political positions in Uruguay, 1984-1994
Keywords:
Uruguay, democracy, women, political partiesAbstract
The article seeks to explain the low levels of female representation in elected political posts in post dictatorship Uruguay. The analysis is sited within the framework of feminist critiques of traditional approaches to the study of women's polítical participatíon. Using a global model of analysis, the article examines the respective impact of three sets of factors -cultural, socio-economic and institutional- on women's entry into elite politics, both in general terms and in relation to the particular experiences of women national representatives. The artiele argues that the main obstacles to gender parity in representatíon in Uruguay are certain exclusíonary, structural elements of the polítical system and the highly masculinised political culture, which has a greater gender bias than society at large.
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References
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Radcliffe, Sarah A. y Sallie Westwood (eds) (1993): 'Viva': Women and Popular Pro test in Latín America, Londres: Routledge.
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Solari, Aldo E. (1988): Uruguay: Partidos Políticos y Sistema Electoral, Montevideo: El Libro Libre / FUCCYT.
Squires, Judith (1999): Gender in Polítical Theory, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Stephen, Lynn (1997): Women and Social Movements in Latín America, Austin: UniversÍty of Texas Press.
Tornaría, Carmen (1990): 'La transición desde el movimiento', en Transiciones: Mujeres en los Procesos Democráticos, Santiago: ISIS Internacional,
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(Ministerio de Asuntos Sociales, España) / FLACSO.
Valdés, Teresa y Enrique Gomáriz (coords.) (1993) Mujeres Latinoamericanas en Cifras: Uruguay, Madrid / Santiago: Instituto de la
Mujer (Ministerio de Asuntos Sociales, España)/FLACSO.
Valdés, Teresa y Enrique Gomáriz (coords.) (1995): Mujeres Latinoamericanas en Cifras: Tomo Comparativo, Madrid / Santiago: Instituto
de la Mujer (Ministerio de Asuntos Sociales, España)/FLACSO.
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Alvarez, Sonia E. (1990): Engendering dempcracy in Brazil: Women 's Movements in Transition. Potitics, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Chowdhury, Nancy y Barbara Nelson (1994): 'Redefining politics: Patterns of women 's political engagement from a global perspective',en Barbara Nelson y Nancy Chowdhury (eds), Women and Politics Worldwide, New Haven: Yale University Press.
ComisiÓn Nacional de Seguimiento de Beijing (ed.) (s. f.) Mecanismos para Incrementar la Representación Política de las Mujeres: Un Desafío para la Democracia, Montevideo: Comisión Nacional de Seguimiento de Beijing.
Craske, Nikki (1999): Women and Politics in LatinAmerica, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Duverger, Maurice (1955): The Political Role of Women, Ginebra: UNESCO.
Elshtain, Jean Bethke (1981): Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and poütical· Thought, Oxford: Martin Robertson.
Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs (1981); 'Women and elites: A cross-national perspective', en Cynthia Fuchs Epstein y Rose Laub Coser (eds.), Access to Power: Cross-national Studies ofWomen and Elites, Londres: Allen & Unwin.
Feijoó, María del Carmen (1998): 'Democratic participation and women in Argentina', en Jane S. Jaquette y Sharon L. Wolchik (eds), Women
and Democracy: Latin America and Central and Eastern Europe, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Feijoó, María del Carmen con MarcelaMaría Alejandra Nari (1994): 'Women and democracy in Argentina', en Jane S. Jaquette (ed.), The Women 'S Movement in Latín America: Participatíon and Democracy, Boulder: Unwin Hyman.
Filgueira, Fernando (1995): A Century of Social Welfare ín Uruguay: Growth to the Límit of the Batllista Social State, Notre Dame: University
of Notre Dame, Democracy and Social Policy Series, Working Paper No. 5. INE (1995): Mujeres Uruguayas en Cifras: Un Aporte para la Conferencia Mundial de la Mujer en Beijíng, 1995, Montevideo: INE I UNlCEF.
Jaquette, Jane S. (1985): 'Female political participation in Latin Ameriea: Raising feminist issues', en L. Iglitzin y R. Ross (eds.), Women in the World, 1975-85: The Womens Decade, Londres: Clio.
Jaquette, Jane S. (ed.) (1994): The Womens Movement in Latín Ameríca: Partícipation and Democracy, Boulder: Unwin Hyman.
J elin, Elizabeth (ed.) (1990): Women and Social Change in Latín America, Londres: UNRISD I Zed Books.
Johnson, Charlotte Nicola (2000): "The right to have rights': Gender politics, citizenship and the state in Uruguay', tesis de doctorado inédita,
Queen Mary and Westfield College, Universidad de Londres.
Jones, Kathleen B. (1988): 'Towards the revision of polities', en Kathleen B. Jones y Anna G. J6nasd6ttir (eds), The Political 1nterests of Gender, Londres: Sage.
Jones, Kathleen B. (1993): Compassionate Authority: Democracy and the Representatíon ofWomen, Nueva York: Routledge.
Kymlicka, WilI (1990): Contemporary Political Philosophy: An lntroduction, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Lavrin, Asunción (1995): Women, F eminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, Lincoln: University ofNebraska Press.
Lissidini, Alicia (1992): 'Mujer y cargos de representación política en el Uruguay (1950-1989)', Revista Uruguaya de Ciencias Sociales, No. 7.
Lovenduskí, Joni (1981): 'Toward the emasculation of política! science: The ímpact of feminism' en Dale Spendor (ed.), Men s Studies Modified:
The Impact of Feminism on the Academic Disciplines, Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Lovenduski, Joni (1993): 'Introduction: The dynamics of gender and party', en Joni Lovenduski y Pippa Norris (eds), Gender and Party Politics, Londres: Sage.
Lovenduski, Joni y Jill Hills (eds.) (1981): The Politics of the Second Electorate: Women and Public Participation, Londres: Routledge & KeganPaul.
Joni Lovenduski y Pippa Norris (eds) (1993): Gender and Party Politícs, Londres: Sage.
Macaulay, Fiona J. (1996): 'Gender Politics in Brazil and Chile: The Role of Parties in National and Local Poliey-Making', tesis de doctorado
inédita, Universidad de Oxford.
Niedworok, Nelly, Adela Pelegrino y Constanza Moreira (1990): Ideología de Género, Roles Sexuales y Prácticas Anticonceptivas, Montevideo: CIESU.
Norris, Pippa (1985): 'Women's legislative participation in Western Europe', en Sylvia Bashevkin (ed.), Women and Politics in Western Europe, Londres: Frank Cass.
Norris, Pippa (1987): Politics and Sexual Equality: The Comparative Position of Women in WesternDemocracies, Brighton: Wheatsheaf.
Norris, Pippa(1993): 'Conc1usions: Comparing legislative recruitment', en Joni Lovenduski y Pippa Norris (eds), Gender and Party Politics, Londres: Sage.
Pateman, Carole (1989): The Disorder ofWomen: Democracy, Feminism and Political Theory, Cambridge: Polity Press. Revista Uruguaya de Clencío Política,..
Pendle, George (1952): Uruguay: South America's First Welfare State, Londres: Royal Institute of International Affairs.
Phillips, Anne (1991): Engendering Democracy, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Prates, Susana y Silvia Rodríguez Villamil (1985): 'Los movimientos sociales de mujeres en la transición a la democracia', en Carlos H. Filgueira
(comp.), Movimientos Sociales en el Uruguay de Hoy, Montevideo: EBO.
Radcliffe, Sarah A. y Sallie Westwood (eds) (1993): 'Viva': Women and Popular Pro test in Latín America, Londres: Routledge.
Randall, Vicky (1987): Women and Politics: An International Perspective, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2a edición.
Ríal, Juan (1989): 'La organización partidaria tras los realineamientos de 1989', en Los Partidos Políticos de Cara al 90, Montevideo: FCU /FESUR.
Rodríguez Villamil, Silvia (1991): Situación y Problemática de la Mujer Uruguaya Actual, Montevideo: GRECMU.
Rodríguez Villamil, Silvia y Graciela Sapriza (1984): Mujer, Estado y Política en el Uruguay del Siglo XX, Montevideo: EBO.
Siltanen, Janet y Michelle Stanworth (1984): 'The politics of private woman and public man', en Janet Siltanen y Michelle Stanworth (eds), Women and the Public Sphere, Londres: Hutchinson.
Sinkkonen, Sirka (1985): 'Women in local politics', en Elina Haavio-Mannila et al. (eds), Unfinished Democracy: Women in Nordic Potitics, Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Skard, Torild y Elina Haavio-Mannila (1985): 'Women in parliament', en Elina Haavio-Mannila et al. (eds), Unfinished Democracy: Women in Nordic Politics, Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Solari, Aldo E. (1988): Uruguay: Partidos Políticos y Sistema Electoral, Montevideo: El Libro Libre / FUCCYT.
Squires, Judith (1999): Gender in Polítical Theory, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Stephen, Lynn (1997): Women and Social Movements in Latín America, Austin: UniversÍty of Texas Press.
Tornaría, Carmen (1990): 'La transición desde el movimiento', en Transiciones: Mujeres en los Procesos Democráticos, Santiago: ISIS Internacional,
Ediciones de las Mujeres No. 3.
Valdés, Teresa y Enrique Gomáriz (coords.) (1992a): Mujeres Latinoamericanas en Cifras: Brazil, Madrid / Santiago: Instituto de la Mujer
(Ministerio de Asuntos Sociales, España) / FLACSO.
Valdés, Teresa y Enrique Gomáriz (coords.) (1993) Mujeres Latinoamericanas en Cifras: Uruguay, Madrid / Santiago: Instituto de la
Mujer (Ministerio de Asuntos Sociales, España)/FLACSO.
Valdés, Teresa y Enrique Gomáriz (coords.) (1995): Mujeres Latinoamericanas en Cifras: Tomo Comparativo, Madrid / Santiago: Instituto
de la Mujer (Ministerio de Asuntos Sociales, España)/FLACSO.
Vanger, Milton 1 (1963): José Batlle y OrdóFlez of Uruguay: The Creator of his Times, 1902-1907, Vol. 1, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Vanger, Milton 1 (1980) The Model Country: José BatlleyOrdóñezofUruguay, 1907-1915, Vol. 2, Londres: University Press ofNew England.
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2018-11-13
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Half-hearted democracy? the representation of women in elective political positions in Uruguay, 1984-1994. (2018). Revista Uruguaya De Ciencia Política, 12, 69-96. https://rucp.cienciassociales.edu.uy/index.php/rucp/article/view/358
