Difusión histórica, desarrollo y durabilidad de las instituciones democráticas en América Latina en los siglos XIX y XX
Palabras clave:
democracia, instituciones, constitucionesResumen
A pesar de que las instituciones democráticas en América Latina se han alternado frecuentemente con regímenes autoritarios, sus características básicas han persistido en los últimos 200 años. Muchas de estas características fundacionales ajustaron modelos usados en otros países a sus condiciones locales, lo que explica en parte su durabilidad. Desde comienzos del siglo XIX hasta finales del siglo XX, la mayoría de las instituciones políticas en Latinoamérica exhibieron constituciones inestables, usualmente con bajo nivel de aplicación, extremadamente centralistas, hiper-presidencialistas, con legislaturas débiles y sin capacidad proactiva, con poderes judiciales conservadoras e ineficaces, elecciones contestadas y partidos políticos efímeros. Las distintas facetas y defectos institucionales pueden explicar solamente algunas de las fallas iniciales y continuas de estas democracias.
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Referencias
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Agüero, Felipe y Jeffrey Stark (eds.) (1998). Fault Lines of Democracy in Post-Transition Latin America. Miami: North-South Center Press.
Aguilera Pena, Mario y Renán Vega Cantor (1991). Ideal democrático y revuelta popular: Bosquejo histórico de la mentalidad política popular en Colombia, 1781-1948. Bogotá: Instituto Maria Cano.
Alcalde, Javier (1991). “Differential Impact of American Political and Economic Institutions on Latin America”, en Kenneth W. Thompson (Ed.) The U.S. Constitution and the Constitutions of Latin America. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, Inc. pp. 97-126.
Alcántara Saez, Manuel (1999). Sistemas políticos de América Latina (dos volúmenes) (segunda edición). Madrid: Tecnos.
Aleman, Eduardo y George Tsebelis (2005). “The Origins of Presidential Conditional Agenda-Setting Power in Latin America”, Latin American Research Review 40 (2): pp 3-26.
Altamira, Rafael (1928). El derecho constitucional americano. Buenos Aires: COM.
Ameringer, Charles D. (1982). Democracy in Costa Rica. New York: Preager Publishers.
Blanksten, George I. (1958). “Constitution and the Structure of Power”, en Harold Eugene Davis, Government and Politics in Latin America. New York: The Ronald Press Company. pp. 225-251.
Botana, Natalio R. (1984). La tradición republicana: Alberdi, Sarmiento y las ideas políticas de su tiempo. Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana.
Botana, Natalio R. (1994). El orden conservador: La política argentina entre 1880 y 1916 (cuarta edición). Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana.
Bravo Lira, Bernardino (1986). Historia de las instituciones políticas de Chile e Hispanoamérica. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Andrés Bello.
Buergenthal, Thomas; Jorge Mario García Laguardia y Rodolfo Piza Rocafort (1987). La constitución norteamericana y su influencia en Latinoamérica: 200 años, 1787-1987. San José, Costa Rica: IIDH.
Bushnell, David (1954). The Santander Regime in Gran Colombia. Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press.
Bushnell, David (Ed.) (2003). El Libertador: Writings of Simon Bolivar. New York: Oxford University Press.
Clagett, Helen L. (1952). The Administration of Justice in Latin America. New York: Oceana Publications.
Clagett, Helen L. (1958). “Law and Court Systems”. En Harold Eugene Davis, Government and Politics in Latin America. New York: The Ronald Press Company, pp 333-367.
Clark, David S. (1975). “Judicial Protection of the Constitution in Latin America”, Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, 2 (spring), pp 405-442.
Clark, Kenneth L. y Keith S. Rosenn (1975). Law and Development in Latin America: A Case Book. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Clark, Mary A. (2001). “Costa Rica: Portrait of an Established Democracy”, en Roderic Ai Camp (Ed.), Citizen Views of Democracy in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 73-89.
Collier, Simon (1967). Ideas and Politics of Chilean Independence, 1808-1933. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Colomer, Antonio (1990). Introducción al constitucionalismo iberoamericano. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica.
Dahl, Robert A. (1971). Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Davis, William C. (1995). Warnings from the Far South: Democracy versus Dictatorship in Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
Domingo, Pilar y Rachel Seider (Eds.) (2001). Rule of Law in Latin America: The International Promotion of Judicial Reform. London: Institute of Latin American Studies.
Downs, Anthony (1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.
Drake, Paul W. (1991). “From Good Men to Good Neighbors”, en Abraham F. Lowenthal (Ed.), Exporting Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 3-40.
Eaton, Kent (2004). Politics Beyond the Capital: The Design of Subnational Institutions in South America. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Eckstein, Susan Eva y Timothy P. Wickham-Crowley (Eds.) (2003). What Justice? Whose Justice? Fighting for Fairness in Latin America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Edelman, Alexander T. (1969). Latin American government and Politics: The Dynamics of a Revolutionary Society (edición revisada). Homewood: The Dorsey Press.
Eder, Phanor James (1950). A Comparative Survey of Anglo-American and Latin American Law. New York: New York University Press.
Fitzgerald, Gerald E. (1968). The Constitutions of Latin America. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company.
Fitzgerald, Gerald E. (Ed.) (1971). The Political Thought of Bolivar: Selected Writings. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Fitzgibbon, Russell H. (Ed.) (1948). The Constitutions of the Americas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Fitzgibbon, Russell H. (1954). “Constitutional Development in Latin America: A Synthesis”, en Asher Christensen (Ed.), The Evolution of Latin American Government. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Fix-Zamudio, Héctor y José Ramón Cossio Díaz (1996). El Poder Judicial en el ordenamiento mexicano. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Flory, Thomas (1981). Judge and Jury in Imperial Brazil, 1808-1871: Social Control and political Stability in the New State. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Foweraker, Joe (1998). “Review Article: Institutional Design, Party Systems and Governability. Differentiating the Presidential Regimes of Latin America”, British Journal of Political Science 28(4), pp 651-676.
García Laguardia, Jorge Mario; Carlos Meléndez Chaverii y Mariana Volio (1987). La Constitución de Cádiz y su influencia en América (175 años 1812-1987). San José de Costa Rica: Centro Interamericano de Asesoría y Promoción Electoral (CAPEL).
Garretón, Manuel Antonio (2003). Incomplete Democracy: Political Democratization in Chile and Latin America. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
Gibson, Edward L. y Tulia G. Falleti (2004). “Unity by the Stick: Regional Conflict and the Origins of Argentine Federalism”, en Edward L. Gibson (Ed.), Federalism and Democracy in Latin America. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press. pp. 226-254.
González, Ariosto D. (1962). Las primeras fórmulas constitucionales en los países del plata, 1810-1814. Montevideo: Claudio García & Cia.
Grossman, Claudio (1990). “States of Emergency: Latin America and the United States”, en Louis Henkin y Albert J. Rosenthal (Eds.) Constitutionalism and Rights: The Influence of the United States Constitution Abroad. New York: Columbia University Press. pp 176-198.
Hagopian, Frances y Scott Mainwaring (Eds.) (2004). The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America: Advances and Setbacks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Halperin-Donghi, Tulio (1973). The Aftermath of Revolution in Latin America. New York: Harper and Row.
Hite, Katherine y Paola Cesarini (Eds.) (2004). Authoritarian legacies and democracy in Latin America and Southern Europe. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Humphreys, Robert A. (1951). “Democracy and Dictatorship”. En Asher N. Christensen (Ed.), The Evolution of Latin American Government. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Huntington, Samuel P. (1991). The Third Wave: democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Jane, Cecil (1966). Liberty and Despotism in Spanish America. New York: Cooper Square Publishers.
Jelin, Elizabeth y Eric Hershberg (Eds.) (1996). Constructing Democracy: Human Rights, Citizenship, and Society in Latin America. Boulder: Westview Press.
Johnson, John, y Doris M. Ladd (1968). Simón Bolivar and Spanish American Independence, 1783-1830. Princeton: D.Van Nostrand Company, Inc.
Jorrin, Miguel (1953). Governments of Latin America. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.
Lambert, Jacques (1967). Latin America: Social Structure and Political Institutions. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Lee Van Cott, Donna (Ed.) (1995). Indigenous People and Democracy in Latin America. New York: St. Martins.
Lee Van Cott, Donna (2000). The Friendly Liquidation of the Past: The Politics of Diversity in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Lee Van Cott, Donna (2006). “Turning Crisis into Opportunity: Achievements of Excluded Groups in the Andes”, en Paul W. Drake y Eric Hershberg (Eds.), State and Society in Conflict: Comparative Perspectives on Andean Crises. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp 157-188.
Lee Woodward Jr., Ralph (1996). “The Liberal-Conservative Debate in the Central American Federation, 1823-1840”, en Vincent C. Peloso y Barbara A. Tenenbaum (Eds.) Liberals, Politics, and Power: State Formation in Nineteenth-Century Latin America. Athens: The University of Georgia Press.
Leiva, Alberto D. (1982). Fuentes para el estudio de la historia institucional argentina. Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires.
Lijphart, Arend (1984). Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Linz, Juan J. y Alfred Stepan (1996). Problems of Democratic Transitions and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lipset, Seymour M. (1981). Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (edición revisada) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lira Herrera, Sergio (1990). Recurso de protección: Naturaleza jurídica, doctrina, jurisprudencia, derecho comparado. Santiago de Chile: Alborada SA.
Loveman, Brian (1988). Chile: The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism (segunda edición). New York: Oxford University Press.
Loveman, Brian (1993). The Constitution of Tyranny: Regimes of Exception in Spanish America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Lynch, John (1994). “Introduction”. En John Lynch (Ed.) Latin American Revolutions, 1808-1826. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Pp. 5-40.
Lynch, John (2006). Simón Bolivar: A Life. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Lynn, Terry L. (1996). “Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America”, en Roderic Ai Camp (Ed.) Democracy in Latin America: Patterns and Cycles. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, Inc. Pp. 21-46.
Macdonald, Austin F. (1942). Government of the Argentina Republic. New York: Thomas Y Crowell Company.
Mainwaring, Scott; Guillermo O'Donnell y J. Samuel Valenzuela (Eds.) (1992). Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Mainwaring, Scott y Matthew Soberg Shugart (Eds.) (1997). Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mainwaring, Scott y Christopher Welna (Eds.) (2003). Democratic Accountability in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Méndez, Juan E.; Guillermo O'Donnell y Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro (Eds.) (1999). The (Un)rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Miller, Jonathan M. (1997). “Courts and the Creation of a 'Spirit of Moderation': Judicial Protection of Revolutionaries in Argentina, 1863-1929”, Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 20, pp 231-329.
Miranda, José (1957). Reformas y tendencias constitucionales recientes de la América Latina (1945-1956). México: Instituto de Derecho Comparado, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Montero, Alfred P. y David J. Samuels (Eds.) (2004). Decentralization and Democracy in Latin America. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Moses, Bernard (1966). The Intellectual Background of the Revolution in South America, 1810-1824. New York: Russell y Russell.
Nickson, R. Andrew (1995). Local Government in Latin America. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
O'Donnell, Guillermo; Philippe C. Schmitter y Laurence Whitehead (Eds.) (1986). Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Postero, Nancy y León Zamosc (Eds.) (2004). The Struggle for Indigenous rights in Latin America. Brighton, Reino Unido: Sussex Academic Press.
Przeworski, Adam (1991). Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Remmer, Karen L. (1984). Party Competition in Argentina and Chile: Political Recruitment and Public Policy, 1890-1930. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Rodríguez, Jaime E. (1998). The Independence of Spanish America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Romero, José Luis (1963). A History of Argentine Political Thought. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Rosenn, Keith S. (1974). “Judicial Review in Latin America”. Ohio State Law Journal 35, pp 785-819.
Saez García, Felipe (1998). “The Nature of Judicial Reform in Latin America and Some Strategic Considerations”. American University International Law Review 13(5), pp 1267-1325.
Sánchez Agresta, Luis (1987). La democracia en Hispanoamérica: Un balance histórico. Madrid: Ediciones RIALP, S. A. .
Smith, Peter H. (2005). Democracy in Latin America: Political Change in Comparative Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.
Soto Kloss, Eduardo (1982). El recurso de protección: Orígenes, doctrina y jurisprudencia. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Jurídica de Chile.
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) (2005). Democracy in Latin America: Towards a Citizens' Democracy. Buenos Aires: Aguilar, Altea, Taurus, Alfaguara.
Valenzuela, Arturo (1977). Political Brokers in Chile: Local Government in Centralized Polity. Durham: Duke University Press.
Waisman, Carlos H. (1989). “Argentina: Autarkic Industrialization and Illegitimacy”, en Larry Diamond, Juan Linz y Seymour Martin Lipset (Eds.) Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America. Boulder: Lynne Reinner. pp. 59-110.
Whitaker, Arthur P. (1954). The Western Hemisphere Idea: Its Rise and Decline. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Whitaker, Arthur P. (1961). Latin America and the Enlightenment (segunda edición). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Zeitlin, Maurice (1968). “The Social Determinants of Political Democracy in Chile”, en James Petras y Maurice Zeitlin (Eds.), Reform or Revolution in Latin America?, New York: Fawcett World Library. pp. 220-234.
Zimmerman, Eduardo (Ed.) (1999). Judicial Institutions in Nineteenth-Century Latin America. London: Institute of Latin American Studies.
Agüero, Felipe y Jeffrey Stark (eds.) (1998). Fault Lines of Democracy in Post-Transition Latin America. Miami: North-South Center Press.
Aguilera Pena, Mario y Renán Vega Cantor (1991). Ideal democrático y revuelta popular: Bosquejo histórico de la mentalidad política popular en Colombia, 1781-1948. Bogotá: Instituto Maria Cano.
Alcalde, Javier (1991). “Differential Impact of American Political and Economic Institutions on Latin America”, en Kenneth W. Thompson (Ed.) The U.S. Constitution and the Constitutions of Latin America. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, Inc. pp. 97-126.
Alcántara Saez, Manuel (1999). Sistemas políticos de América Latina (dos volúmenes) (segunda edición). Madrid: Tecnos.
Aleman, Eduardo y George Tsebelis (2005). “The Origins of Presidential Conditional Agenda-Setting Power in Latin America”, Latin American Research Review 40 (2): pp 3-26.
Altamira, Rafael (1928). El derecho constitucional americano. Buenos Aires: COM.
Ameringer, Charles D. (1982). Democracy in Costa Rica. New York: Preager Publishers.
Blanksten, George I. (1958). “Constitution and the Structure of Power”, en Harold Eugene Davis, Government and Politics in Latin America. New York: The Ronald Press Company. pp. 225-251.
Botana, Natalio R. (1984). La tradición republicana: Alberdi, Sarmiento y las ideas políticas de su tiempo. Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana.
Botana, Natalio R. (1994). El orden conservador: La política argentina entre 1880 y 1916 (cuarta edición). Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana.
Bravo Lira, Bernardino (1986). Historia de las instituciones políticas de Chile e Hispanoamérica. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Andrés Bello.
Buergenthal, Thomas; Jorge Mario García Laguardia y Rodolfo Piza Rocafort (1987). La constitución norteamericana y su influencia en Latinoamérica: 200 años, 1787-1987. San José, Costa Rica: IIDH.
Bushnell, David (1954). The Santander Regime in Gran Colombia. Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press.
Bushnell, David (Ed.) (2003). El Libertador: Writings of Simon Bolivar. New York: Oxford University Press.
Clagett, Helen L. (1952). The Administration of Justice in Latin America. New York: Oceana Publications.
Clagett, Helen L. (1958). “Law and Court Systems”. En Harold Eugene Davis, Government and Politics in Latin America. New York: The Ronald Press Company, pp 333-367.
Clark, David S. (1975). “Judicial Protection of the Constitution in Latin America”, Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, 2 (spring), pp 405-442.
Clark, Kenneth L. y Keith S. Rosenn (1975). Law and Development in Latin America: A Case Book. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Clark, Mary A. (2001). “Costa Rica: Portrait of an Established Democracy”, en Roderic Ai Camp (Ed.), Citizen Views of Democracy in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 73-89.
Collier, Simon (1967). Ideas and Politics of Chilean Independence, 1808-1933. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Colomer, Antonio (1990). Introducción al constitucionalismo iberoamericano. Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica.
Dahl, Robert A. (1971). Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Davis, William C. (1995). Warnings from the Far South: Democracy versus Dictatorship in Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
Domingo, Pilar y Rachel Seider (Eds.) (2001). Rule of Law in Latin America: The International Promotion of Judicial Reform. London: Institute of Latin American Studies.
Downs, Anthony (1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.
Drake, Paul W. (1991). “From Good Men to Good Neighbors”, en Abraham F. Lowenthal (Ed.), Exporting Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 3-40.
Eaton, Kent (2004). Politics Beyond the Capital: The Design of Subnational Institutions in South America. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Eckstein, Susan Eva y Timothy P. Wickham-Crowley (Eds.) (2003). What Justice? Whose Justice? Fighting for Fairness in Latin America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Edelman, Alexander T. (1969). Latin American government and Politics: The Dynamics of a Revolutionary Society (edición revisada). Homewood: The Dorsey Press.
Eder, Phanor James (1950). A Comparative Survey of Anglo-American and Latin American Law. New York: New York University Press.
Fitzgerald, Gerald E. (1968). The Constitutions of Latin America. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company.
Fitzgerald, Gerald E. (Ed.) (1971). The Political Thought of Bolivar: Selected Writings. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Fitzgibbon, Russell H. (Ed.) (1948). The Constitutions of the Americas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Fitzgibbon, Russell H. (1954). “Constitutional Development in Latin America: A Synthesis”, en Asher Christensen (Ed.), The Evolution of Latin American Government. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Fix-Zamudio, Héctor y José Ramón Cossio Díaz (1996). El Poder Judicial en el ordenamiento mexicano. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Flory, Thomas (1981). Judge and Jury in Imperial Brazil, 1808-1871: Social Control and political Stability in the New State. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Foweraker, Joe (1998). “Review Article: Institutional Design, Party Systems and Governability. Differentiating the Presidential Regimes of Latin America”, British Journal of Political Science 28(4), pp 651-676.
García Laguardia, Jorge Mario; Carlos Meléndez Chaverii y Mariana Volio (1987). La Constitución de Cádiz y su influencia en América (175 años 1812-1987). San José de Costa Rica: Centro Interamericano de Asesoría y Promoción Electoral (CAPEL).
Garretón, Manuel Antonio (2003). Incomplete Democracy: Political Democratization in Chile and Latin America. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
Gibson, Edward L. y Tulia G. Falleti (2004). “Unity by the Stick: Regional Conflict and the Origins of Argentine Federalism”, en Edward L. Gibson (Ed.), Federalism and Democracy in Latin America. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press. pp. 226-254.
González, Ariosto D. (1962). Las primeras fórmulas constitucionales en los países del plata, 1810-1814. Montevideo: Claudio García & Cia.
Grossman, Claudio (1990). “States of Emergency: Latin America and the United States”, en Louis Henkin y Albert J. Rosenthal (Eds.) Constitutionalism and Rights: The Influence of the United States Constitution Abroad. New York: Columbia University Press. pp 176-198.
Hagopian, Frances y Scott Mainwaring (Eds.) (2004). The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America: Advances and Setbacks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Halperin-Donghi, Tulio (1973). The Aftermath of Revolution in Latin America. New York: Harper and Row.
Hite, Katherine y Paola Cesarini (Eds.) (2004). Authoritarian legacies and democracy in Latin America and Southern Europe. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Humphreys, Robert A. (1951). “Democracy and Dictatorship”. En Asher N. Christensen (Ed.), The Evolution of Latin American Government. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Huntington, Samuel P. (1991). The Third Wave: democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Jane, Cecil (1966). Liberty and Despotism in Spanish America. New York: Cooper Square Publishers.
Jelin, Elizabeth y Eric Hershberg (Eds.) (1996). Constructing Democracy: Human Rights, Citizenship, and Society in Latin America. Boulder: Westview Press.
Johnson, John, y Doris M. Ladd (1968). Simón Bolivar and Spanish American Independence, 1783-1830. Princeton: D.Van Nostrand Company, Inc.
Jorrin, Miguel (1953). Governments of Latin America. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.
Lambert, Jacques (1967). Latin America: Social Structure and Political Institutions. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Lee Van Cott, Donna (Ed.) (1995). Indigenous People and Democracy in Latin America. New York: St. Martins.
Lee Van Cott, Donna (2000). The Friendly Liquidation of the Past: The Politics of Diversity in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Lee Van Cott, Donna (2006). “Turning Crisis into Opportunity: Achievements of Excluded Groups in the Andes”, en Paul W. Drake y Eric Hershberg (Eds.), State and Society in Conflict: Comparative Perspectives on Andean Crises. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp 157-188.
Lee Woodward Jr., Ralph (1996). “The Liberal-Conservative Debate in the Central American Federation, 1823-1840”, en Vincent C. Peloso y Barbara A. Tenenbaum (Eds.) Liberals, Politics, and Power: State Formation in Nineteenth-Century Latin America. Athens: The University of Georgia Press.
Leiva, Alberto D. (1982). Fuentes para el estudio de la historia institucional argentina. Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires.
Lijphart, Arend (1984). Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Linz, Juan J. y Alfred Stepan (1996). Problems of Democratic Transitions and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lipset, Seymour M. (1981). Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (edición revisada) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lira Herrera, Sergio (1990). Recurso de protección: Naturaleza jurídica, doctrina, jurisprudencia, derecho comparado. Santiago de Chile: Alborada SA.
Loveman, Brian (1988). Chile: The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism (segunda edición). New York: Oxford University Press.
Loveman, Brian (1993). The Constitution of Tyranny: Regimes of Exception in Spanish America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Lynch, John (1994). “Introduction”. En John Lynch (Ed.) Latin American Revolutions, 1808-1826. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Pp. 5-40.
Lynch, John (2006). Simón Bolivar: A Life. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Lynn, Terry L. (1996). “Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America”, en Roderic Ai Camp (Ed.) Democracy in Latin America: Patterns and Cycles. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, Inc. Pp. 21-46.
Macdonald, Austin F. (1942). Government of the Argentina Republic. New York: Thomas Y Crowell Company.
Mainwaring, Scott; Guillermo O'Donnell y J. Samuel Valenzuela (Eds.) (1992). Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Mainwaring, Scott y Matthew Soberg Shugart (Eds.) (1997). Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mainwaring, Scott y Christopher Welna (Eds.) (2003). Democratic Accountability in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Méndez, Juan E.; Guillermo O'Donnell y Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro (Eds.) (1999). The (Un)rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Miller, Jonathan M. (1997). “Courts and the Creation of a 'Spirit of Moderation': Judicial Protection of Revolutionaries in Argentina, 1863-1929”, Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 20, pp 231-329.
Miranda, José (1957). Reformas y tendencias constitucionales recientes de la América Latina (1945-1956). México: Instituto de Derecho Comparado, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Montero, Alfred P. y David J. Samuels (Eds.) (2004). Decentralization and Democracy in Latin America. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Moses, Bernard (1966). The Intellectual Background of the Revolution in South America, 1810-1824. New York: Russell y Russell.
Nickson, R. Andrew (1995). Local Government in Latin America. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
O'Donnell, Guillermo; Philippe C. Schmitter y Laurence Whitehead (Eds.) (1986). Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Postero, Nancy y León Zamosc (Eds.) (2004). The Struggle for Indigenous rights in Latin America. Brighton, Reino Unido: Sussex Academic Press.
Przeworski, Adam (1991). Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Remmer, Karen L. (1984). Party Competition in Argentina and Chile: Political Recruitment and Public Policy, 1890-1930. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Rodríguez, Jaime E. (1998). The Independence of Spanish America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Romero, José Luis (1963). A History of Argentine Political Thought. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Rosenn, Keith S. (1974). “Judicial Review in Latin America”. Ohio State Law Journal 35, pp 785-819.
Saez García, Felipe (1998). “The Nature of Judicial Reform in Latin America and Some Strategic Considerations”. American University International Law Review 13(5), pp 1267-1325.
Sánchez Agresta, Luis (1987). La democracia en Hispanoamérica: Un balance histórico. Madrid: Ediciones RIALP, S. A. .
Smith, Peter H. (2005). Democracy in Latin America: Political Change in Comparative Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.
Soto Kloss, Eduardo (1982). El recurso de protección: Orígenes, doctrina y jurisprudencia. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Jurídica de Chile.
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) (2005). Democracy in Latin America: Towards a Citizens' Democracy. Buenos Aires: Aguilar, Altea, Taurus, Alfaguara.
Valenzuela, Arturo (1977). Political Brokers in Chile: Local Government in Centralized Polity. Durham: Duke University Press.
Waisman, Carlos H. (1989). “Argentina: Autarkic Industrialization and Illegitimacy”, en Larry Diamond, Juan Linz y Seymour Martin Lipset (Eds.) Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America. Boulder: Lynne Reinner. pp. 59-110.
Whitaker, Arthur P. (1954). The Western Hemisphere Idea: Its Rise and Decline. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Whitaker, Arthur P. (1961). Latin America and the Enlightenment (segunda edición). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Zeitlin, Maurice (1968). “The Social Determinants of Political Democracy in Chile”, en James Petras y Maurice Zeitlin (Eds.), Reform or Revolution in Latin America?, New York: Fawcett World Library. pp. 220-234.
Zimmerman, Eduardo (Ed.) (1999). Judicial Institutions in Nineteenth-Century Latin America. London: Institute of Latin American Studies.
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2018-10-23
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Difusión histórica, desarrollo y durabilidad de las instituciones democráticas en América Latina en los siglos XIX y XX. (2018). Revista Uruguaya De Ciencia Política, 21(2), 7-30. https://rucp.cienciassociales.edu.uy/index.php/rucp/article/view/117
